Antibiotic consumption in hospital healthcare sector in Kazakhstan
1
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Popul. Med. 2026;8(Supplement Supplement 1):A189
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:
Kazakhstan is an upper-middle-income country located in Central Asia. The healthcare system is a legacy of the Semashko model. Several aspects of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) have been introduced in Kazakhstan, with a hospital AMS program in place in a few hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the nationwide antibiotic consumption trends and patterns over the period 2016-2024 using internationally comparable methodology.
METHODS:
This study relied on data from SK-Pharmacia, the sole supplier of pharmaceuticals to hospital facilities in Kazakhstan. Data on systemic antibacterials (J01 code) from the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system were extracted for both public and private hospitals, covering the period from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2024. The extraction was disaggregated at the ATC5 level and included details such as the active ingredient(s), dosage form, route of administration, number of preparations per package, and number of packages administered. The extracted data were entered into the Excel template of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System for AMR and antimicrobial use surveillance (GLASS-AMC)1. The calculation of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) for each ATC5 code was performed in the next stage2.
RESULTS:
An average of 3.3 DID of antibacterials was annually consumed by the hospital healthcare sector. The consumption peaked in 2020 and 2024 with 5.2 and 6.2 DID, respectively. Quinolone antibacterials and other beta-lactams, including cephalosporins, were the most consumed pharmacological subgroups. Watch group antibacterials constitute the bulk of consumption, exceeding 60% each year. The consumption of Access group antibacterials mirrored this trend and constituted <40%. The share of Reserve group antibiotic consumption was mild, but showed significant growth during the study period.
CONCLUSIONS:
There is an urgent need for the implementation of the AMS program in the hospital sector to address these emerging challenges.
Kazakhstan is an upper-middle-income country located in Central Asia. The healthcare system is a legacy of the Semashko model. Several aspects of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) have been introduced in Kazakhstan, with a hospital AMS program in place in a few hospitals. This study aimed to analyze the nationwide antibiotic consumption trends and patterns over the period 2016-2024 using internationally comparable methodology.
METHODS:
This study relied on data from SK-Pharmacia, the sole supplier of pharmaceuticals to hospital facilities in Kazakhstan. Data on systemic antibacterials (J01 code) from the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system were extracted for both public and private hospitals, covering the period from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2024. The extraction was disaggregated at the ATC5 level and included details such as the active ingredient(s), dosage form, route of administration, number of preparations per package, and number of packages administered. The extracted data were entered into the Excel template of the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System for AMR and antimicrobial use surveillance (GLASS-AMC)1. The calculation of defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) for each ATC5 code was performed in the next stage2.
RESULTS:
An average of 3.3 DID of antibacterials was annually consumed by the hospital healthcare sector. The consumption peaked in 2020 and 2024 with 5.2 and 6.2 DID, respectively. Quinolone antibacterials and other beta-lactams, including cephalosporins, were the most consumed pharmacological subgroups. Watch group antibacterials constitute the bulk of consumption, exceeding 60% each year. The consumption of Access group antibacterials mirrored this trend and constituted <40%. The share of Reserve group antibiotic consumption was mild, but showed significant growth during the study period.
CONCLUSIONS:
There is an urgent need for the implementation of the AMS program in the hospital sector to address these emerging challenges.
| eISSN: | 2654-1459 |
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