BACKGROUND:
With the rapid expansion of mobile phone communication technologies, concerns have been raised regarding potential health impacts of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure from mobile phones and base station towers. While mobile base stations are essential for connectivity, their continuous low-level emissions have led to public and scientific debate about possible links to adverse health outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:
The main aim behind this review to systematically assess the available epidemiological evidence on the health impacts of RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones and base stations in human populations.

METHODS:
To achieve this, a systematic literature review was conducted considering mobile phone and tower radiations that were published from inception to till data and listed in databases Scopus, WoS, Embase, PubMed.

RESULTS:
A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science identified 7,338 records; after screening, 121 population-based studies met inclusion criteria. Most found no consistent evidence linking RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones or base stations to major health outcomes, including cancer, neurological, or reproductive effects. Some studies reported associations with non-specific symptoms (e.g. Headaches, sleep disturbances, fatigue), but results were inconsistent, lacked dose-response, and were subject to bias. Large-scale studies generally showed risk estimates near unity for chronic diseases.

CONCLUSIONS:
Current evidence does not show a clear causal link between RF-EMF exposure from mobile phones or base stations and adverse health effects. Some studies report associations with self-reported symptoms, but methodological flaws limit their reliability. At exposure levels below international safety guidelines, health risks appear unlikely. However, further high-quality, long-term research is needed to monitor potential effects of evolving technologies.