INTRODUCTION:
Effective waste management is a critical determinant of public health and environmental sustainability, particularly in university settings where high population density contributes to increased waste generation.1-3 Inadequate waste management practices have been linked to adverse health outcomes, environmental degradation, and poor sustainability outcomes in low- and middle-income countries.3,4 Evidence from Nigerian universities have documented gaps in waste management infrastructure, limited environmental education, and suboptimal waste disposal behaviors among students.5 Despite growing awareness of waste management policies, evidence suggests that awareness does not always translate into appropriate waste disposal practices.6,7 This study therefore assessed the gaps between waste management awareness and behavior among first-year university students, with implications for public health and sustainable practices.

METHODS:
This study employed a cross-sectional survey. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 381 first-year students to assess institutional policy awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and disposal behaviours. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Chi-square test was used to check the associations between students’ academic backgrounds, their waste management knowledge and practices, environmental education programme participation.

RESULTS:
Awareness of institutional waste management policies was reported by 62.2% of students, however, only 24.7% consistently used designated waste bins, and 12.6% engaged in improper disposal practices. Knowledge levels varied significantly by faculty affiliation (χ²=370.132, p<0.001). Participation in environmental education programmes was perceived as effective or very effective by 63.7% of respondents, with programme involvement strongly associated with proper waste management behavior (χ²=264.383, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The findings from this study highlight a significant gap between awareness and behavior, with implications for sustainable health and campus environmental practices. Strengthening environmental education, conducting targeted awareness campaigns, and improving disposal infrastructure are recommended to promote sustainable practices. The study provides evidence-based guidance for policy development and interventions that enhance public health and sustainability in academic institutions.