INTRODUCTION:
Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) contributes significantly to the production of precious minerals globally. Although it employs low machinery and technology, it contributes to 20% of global gold production. In Ghana, ASM is widespread and employs about 60% of the entire mining workforce. It is characterised by poor capital and a lack of health and safety protocols. This predisposes miners and people living in mining communities to numerous health problems. This study aimed to systematically review and synthesise available quantitative primary studies on the health effects of ASM activities on miners and people living in mining communities in Ghana.

METHODS:
The dissertation was written by synthesising studies on the health effects of ASM activities on miners and people living in mining communities using a systematic review approach. An extensive literature search was conducted in three online databases (Global Health, Web of Science and Medline) for relevant studies. Studies included in the review based on the inclusion criteria were appraised using the EPHPP quality assessment tool. Data was extracted using a data extraction form modified from the Cochrane Handbook, University of York and Joanna Briggs Institute templates.

RESULTS:
Out of 16,076 records retrieved, 10 studies were included in this review. Injuries were reported as the major health effects (94.7%). The use of mercury and its high concentration in the miners contribute to kidney failure. About 67.2%, 91.8% and 86.9% of the miners exposed to mercury developed high proteinuria, low eGFR and high creatinine, respectively. Other health effects include skin rashes and malaria. Factors including non-use of personal protective equipment (PPEs), and lack of training in handling mercury, account for the health effects.

CONCLUSIONS:
Actions, including enforcement of regulations, training and mandatory use of PPEs, should be implemented. The government must stop illegal mining to save lives and the environment.