INTRODUCTION:
urbanization significantly affects the climate, reshaping health risks that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. urban dwellers must cope with the urban heat island effect and poor air quality, which exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. the one health approach, connecting human, animal, and environmental health, is the most promising framework to address these issues. this research explores how climate-driven urban ecological degradation affects zoonotic disease emergence and the unequal distribution of environmental health in metropolitan areas.¹⁻⁶.

METHODS:
A systematic literature review from 2018 to 2025 was conducted across major databases, analyzing 150 peer-reviewed papers on urban climate and health. data synthesis categorized urban health concerns into environmental, animal-human, and socio-economic dimensions. the impact of green-blue infrastructure was assessed across 12 global cities, focusing on mental health outcomes and micro-environment temperature reduction.

RESULTS:
This research indicates cities experience temperatures up to 10.5°c higher than rural areas, leading to a 15% increase in heat-related deaths. sixty percent of emerging infectious diseases in cities are zoonotic, driven by habitat fragmentation and increased human-wildlife interfaces. integrated one health surveillance can potentially reduce outbreak response times by 25%. notably, cities with high biodiversity report 10000 fewer cases of stress-related disorders per 100000 people annually.

CONCLUSIONS:
protecting urban ecosystems is vital for climate resilience and pandemic prevention. mitigating climate-related health risks requires transitioning from fragmented medical systems to a cohesive, multidisciplinary one health model. prioritizing environmental health in urban planning is essential for achieving sustainable health outcomes for all species.