BACKGROUND:
Digital transformation may broaden job insecurity by adding concerns about new technologies and intelligent systems. We evaluated the longitudinal nomological network of an expanded job insecurity scale that includes a new technology insecurity dimension.

METHODS:
The scale includes 27 items across six dimensions (task/role, job loss, career growth, pay/promotion, interpersonal/organizational evaluation, and new technology insecurity). Scale development used a survey of frontline workers from three plants and 12 workshops in an automobile manufacturing enterprise in Jilin Province, China (n = 747; all male; mean age = 32 years). Nomological network validation used three-wave surveys (T1: Mar 25–Apr 4, 2024; T2: Nov 21–Dec 19, 2024; T3: Mar 31–Apr 15, 2025) with baseline sample (N = 2,930). Missing data were handled using full information maximum likelihood (FIML) in Mplus. Two prospective structural equation models (SEM) (T1→T2; T2→T3) tested effects of job insecurity and perceived organizational support (including their interaction) on anxiety, presenteeism, turnover intention, job satisfaction, and job performance.

RESULTS:
Both SEMs showed good fit. Job insecurity at T1 predicted higher anxiety (β = 0.114), presenteeism (β = 0.148), and lower job satisfaction (β = −0.111) at T2, and higher turnover intention and lower job performance. Job insecurity at T2 predicted higher presenteeism (β = 0.104) and lower job satisfaction (β = −0.147) at T3, but not anxiety, turnover intention, or job performance. Perceived organizational support showed consistent direct benefits, and the interaction of job insecurity and organizational support predicted lower anxiety (β = −0.093) at T3.

CONCLUSIONS:
The expanded job insecurity scale, including new technology insecurity, demonstrated a coherent longitudinal nomological network; job insecurity prospectively undermined mental health and work outcomes, while organizational support showed robust direct effects and limited buffering.