INTRODUCTION:
Brazil is marked by persistent social inequalities that shape health outcomes across the life course. This organized session draws on Brazil’s experience to illustrate how different monitoring systems can be used to make health inequalities visible across the life course and across key health indicators.

METHODS:
This session brings together evidence from multiple data sources and analytical approaches. Four thematic analyses are presented: adolescent motherhood, using data from the National Live Births System (SINASC); health access and utilization, using population health trajectories over five decades based on birth cohort studies conducted in Pelotas; perceived discrimination based on the Everyday Discrimination Scale applied in the More Data Better Health survey; and diet quality, using data from National Dietary Intake Surveys.

RESULTS:
Across different stages of the life course, marked inequalities were consistently observed. Adolescent motherhood showed substantial municipal disparities, with exceptionally high adolescent fertility rates concentrated in small jurisdictions, particularly in the North region. Analyses of the Pelotas birth cohorts revealed important improvements in access to and use of health services, but persistent inequalities remained, especially among black and poor individuals. Perceived discrimination was more frequently reported by black individuals and women. Finally, the consumption of ultra-processed foods - a marker of poor diet quality and associated with chronic diseases - has increased in Brazil over recent decades, with a substantially faster growth among poorer populations, individuals with lower levels of education, black, brown and indigenous groups, and those living in rural areas.

CONCLUSIONS:
Together, the analyses presented in this session demonstrate that inequalities in Brazil persist across different stages of the life course, affecting reproductive health, access to health services, experiences of discrimination, and dietary patterns. Making these inequalities visible is essential to support advocacy and to inform public policies aimed at reducing structural inequities in Brazil.