BACKGROUND:
Evidence suggests that post-COVID-19 condition is associated with persistent limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) and poorer quality of life, especially among individuals with a higher burden of comorbidities and social vulnerabilities. This study aimed to analyze the association between social determinants of health and the impact on ADLs in the Brazilian population diagnosed with COVID-19 at least one year prior.

METHODS:
An exploratory, cross-sectional, quantitative study was conducted across all Brazilian states with a sample of 419 participants. Data collection took place between June and November 2024, utilizing patient monitoring software to gather sociodemographic data, lifestyle factors, social determinants of health, clinical conditions, and quality of life scales.

RESULTS:
A greater impact on ADLs was observed in women compared to men (65.1% vs. 53.8%; p=0.038). Physical activity proved to be a protective factor (p<0.0001), while sleep difficulties were associated with greater functional impairment (p=0.004). Social networks, education, and income showed no statistical significance (p>0.05). Among clinical conditions, the following were associated with greater impairment: cardiovascular disease (76.7% vs. 60.6%; p=0.046), diabetes mellitus (up to 90% with impact; p=0.009), respiratory allergy (p=0.002), dermatological diseases (p=0.001), neurological disease (82.8%; p=0.018), pulmonary disease (100%; p=0.001), severe respiratory failure (83.9%; p=0.010), and muscle weakness (78.2% vs. 54.9%; p<0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Even after a minimum interval of one year since diagnosis, the impact on ADLs remains relevant and is more strongly related to female sex, sedentary lifestyle, sleep disorders, and multiple clinical conditions than to economic indicators. These findings highlight the need for continuous rehabilitation strategies and multiprofessional follow-up, focusing on clinically vulnerable groups and the promotion of healthy habits over time.