Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among people exposed to second-hand smoke and factors associated with severe levels of depression – a community based cross-sectional study from central India
1
Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal (AIIMS Bhopal), Bhopal, India
2
Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal (AIIMS Bhopal), Bhopal, India
3
Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal (AIIMS Bhopal), Bhopal, India
4
Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal (AIIMS Bhopal), Bhopal, India
Popul. Med. 2026;8(Supplement Supplement 1):A2629
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:
Second-hand smoke exposure is a risk factor for common mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and stress. The objective was to document the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among those exposed to second-hand smoke and to find out the factors associated with severe and extremely severe levels of depression among them.
METHODS:
This analysis is part of a larger cross-sectional study conducted during 2023-24 in urban and rural field practice area of a medical school in central India. Non-smoking employees of bars and restaurants, tobacco and tea sellers, and household members of smokers having age ≥13 years were included. Quota sampling, probability proportionate to size sampling, and systematic random sampling were used to recruit the participants. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical data. DASS-21 questionnaire was used to assess anxiety, depression and stress. Chi-square test was used to find out the associations. Ethics committee approval was taken before enrolling the participants vide no. IHEC-LOP/2022/IL068. Written informed consent was taken for all the participants.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of symptomatic depression, anxiety, and stress was 42.6%, 59.5%, and 39.9%, respectively, among a total of 474 participants. Severe and extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress (as per DASS-21 categories) were present in 21.5%, 39.4% and 21.7% of the participants respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between severe and extremely severe levels of depression and rural residence (p < 0.001), illiteracy (p = 0.001), unemployment (p = 0.002), marital status (p < 0.001), and inadequate sleep (p = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS:
The prevalence of common mental health issues among the study participants was found to be high. Targeted mental health interventions, such as early screening and referral for severe cases is essential.
Second-hand smoke exposure is a risk factor for common mental health issues such as depression, anxiety and stress. The objective was to document the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among those exposed to second-hand smoke and to find out the factors associated with severe and extremely severe levels of depression among them.
METHODS:
This analysis is part of a larger cross-sectional study conducted during 2023-24 in urban and rural field practice area of a medical school in central India. Non-smoking employees of bars and restaurants, tobacco and tea sellers, and household members of smokers having age ≥13 years were included. Quota sampling, probability proportionate to size sampling, and systematic random sampling were used to recruit the participants. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect socio-demographic, behavioural and clinical data. DASS-21 questionnaire was used to assess anxiety, depression and stress. Chi-square test was used to find out the associations. Ethics committee approval was taken before enrolling the participants vide no. IHEC-LOP/2022/IL068. Written informed consent was taken for all the participants.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of symptomatic depression, anxiety, and stress was 42.6%, 59.5%, and 39.9%, respectively, among a total of 474 participants. Severe and extremely severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress (as per DASS-21 categories) were present in 21.5%, 39.4% and 21.7% of the participants respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between severe and extremely severe levels of depression and rural residence (p < 0.001), illiteracy (p = 0.001), unemployment (p = 0.002), marital status (p < 0.001), and inadequate sleep (p = 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS:
The prevalence of common mental health issues among the study participants was found to be high. Targeted mental health interventions, such as early screening and referral for severe cases is essential.
| eISSN: | 2654-1459 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
