BACKGROUND:
Rabies is a fatal yet fully preventable zoonotic disease and remains a priority for public health surveillance. Monitoring human exposure to potentially rabid animals and ensuring timely administration of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) are key components of rabies prevention. This study aimed to assess the burden and characteristics of human exposures to potentially rabid animals, as well as patterns of PEP utilization, in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia.

METHODS:
A retrospective analysis was conducted using medical records from anti-rabies clinics in Split-Dalmatia County for the period 2015–2024. Data on demographic characteristics, type and anatomical location of injuries, animal species involved, and administration of PEP were analyzed.

RESULTS:
During the study period, 4,105 individuals reported contact with a potentially rabid animal. Most exposed individuals were working-age adults (20–60 years; 52.6%). Injuries most commonly involved the lower limbs (34.9%) and hands or fingers (32.3%). No exposure to a laboratory-confirmed rabid animal was recorded. Overall, 37.7% of exposed individuals received PEP. While dog exposures accounted for the majority of healthcare visits (68.9%), PEP administration was proportionally highest following rodent (91.2%) and bat (87.5%) exposures.

CONCLUSIONS:
Strengthening public health education remains essential for the prevention of animal bites, particularly dog-related injuries, and for reducing unnecessary demand for rabies PEP. Promoting responsible pet ownership, safe behavior around animals, and avoidance of contact with unfamiliar animals may further decrease exposure risk. These findings provide valuable evidence for planning public health resources, including vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin supply, and highlight the importance of sustained rabies prevention through coordinated human and animal health efforts. The results support the continued application of a One Health approach in zoonotic disease surveillance and control.