SUBSTANCE USE IN SPORTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALLERS IN ACCRA, GHANA.
1
University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu /Accra, Ghana
2
Lions Eye International Centre, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Korle-Bu/Accra, Ghana
Popul. Med. 2026;8(Supplement Supplement 1):
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:
Substance use in sports, though harmful, is common but with little evidence from Africa. This first ever Ghanaian study aims to assess the prevalence and self-reported motivations for substance use, as well as characterize the patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use among professional footballers in Accra.
METHODS:
This cross-sectional study included 139 professional footballers from nine teams competing in the Ghana Premier League and Division One League within Greater Accra Region. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Substance use was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test–Revised (CUDIT-R) to evaluate alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use patterns, respectively. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of substance use was 44.6%, with caffeine prevalence highest (30.2%), followed by alcohol (15.8%), 2.9% for cannabis, and 2.2% for tobacco. The mean AUDIT score amongst alcohol users was 3.6 (± 3.7), representing low-risk consumption. The mean CUDIT-R score was 6.3 (± 4.6), consistent with low-risk cannabis use, while the mean FTND score was 0 ± 0, reflecting low nicotine dependence. Pleasure was the most frequently reported reason for alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use, whereas energy enhancement was the main reason for caffeine use. Knowledge of performance-enhancing drugs was low (2.2%), and no participant reported their use. A negative association was observed between the number of years spent at the current club and substance use (OR = 0.81; 95% CI 0.65–0.99; p = 0.042).
CONCLUSIONS:
Health education, counselling, and scheduled substance use monitoring of athletes are necessary to prevent inadvertent use, maintain low levels of use and prevent progression to high-risk use.
Substance use in sports, though harmful, is common but with little evidence from Africa. This first ever Ghanaian study aims to assess the prevalence and self-reported motivations for substance use, as well as characterize the patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use among professional footballers in Accra.
METHODS:
This cross-sectional study included 139 professional footballers from nine teams competing in the Ghana Premier League and Division One League within Greater Accra Region. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. Substance use was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test–Revised (CUDIT-R) to evaluate alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use patterns, respectively. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS.
RESULTS:
The prevalence of substance use was 44.6%, with caffeine prevalence highest (30.2%), followed by alcohol (15.8%), 2.9% for cannabis, and 2.2% for tobacco. The mean AUDIT score amongst alcohol users was 3.6 (± 3.7), representing low-risk consumption. The mean CUDIT-R score was 6.3 (± 4.6), consistent with low-risk cannabis use, while the mean FTND score was 0 ± 0, reflecting low nicotine dependence. Pleasure was the most frequently reported reason for alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use, whereas energy enhancement was the main reason for caffeine use. Knowledge of performance-enhancing drugs was low (2.2%), and no participant reported their use. A negative association was observed between the number of years spent at the current club and substance use (OR = 0.81; 95% CI 0.65–0.99; p = 0.042).
CONCLUSIONS:
Health education, counselling, and scheduled substance use monitoring of athletes are necessary to prevent inadvertent use, maintain low levels of use and prevent progression to high-risk use.
| eISSN: | 2654-1459 |
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