BACKGROUND:
Tobacco use remains one of the major global public health challenges, being directly associated with several leading causes of preventable mortality. In Brazil, despite substantial declines in tobacco consumption over recent decades, smoking prevalence continues to be a pressing concern requiring continuous monitoring. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and temporal trends of tobacco use in Brazil from 2006 to 2024.

METHODS:
A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted using secondary data from the VIGITEL survey, which applies nationally representative sampling across the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. Each annual wave includes an average of over 50,000 adults. Indicators were constructed based on questions related to tobacco use (smoking), sex, age, and years of education.

RESULTS:
A consistent and significant decline in smoking prevalence was observed nationwide, underscoring the effectiveness of tobacco control and prevention policies. Between 2006 and 2023, the prevalence of smoking decreased from 15.7% to 9.3%, with the sharpest reduction occurring between 2006 and 2018, followed by relative stability in subsequent years. Declines were observed in both sexes, with a greater reduction among men. Decreases were also identified across all age groups and education levels, with the largest reduction occurring among adults aged 45 to 54 years. Higher smoking prevalence persisted among men and individuals with lower educational attainment.

CONCLUSIONS:
These findings reinforce the positive impact of Brazil’s comprehensive tobacco control initiatives, including regulatory measures, taxation policies, and educational campaigns, which have contributed to national and global health targets. Maintaining and strengthening these strategies is crucial to sustain progress and address remaining inequalities, particularly among socially vulnerable populations.