INTRODUCTION:
Sleep is a fundamental biological necessity often compromised in medical education due to intense academic demands and emotional stress. While global data exists, Indian medical students face unique socio-cultural pressures and infrastructural challenges. This study analyzes these determinants and their neurocognitive impacts to advocate for sustainable institutional and educational reforms.

METHODS:
A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and DOAJ for peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2025. Following PRISMA guidelines, 478 records were screened, resulting in the inclusion of 12 original research articles focusing on Indian undergraduate medical students.

RESULTS:
Findings reveal that poor sleep quality is strikingly prevalent, affecting between 38% and 77.9% of students across various Indian institutions^1. Digital determinants, specifically night screen exposure, increased the odds of poor sleep by 25 times^1. Social determinants, including high academic stress and emotional burnout, were primary predictors of disrupted sleep architecture. Neurophysiological markers, specifically P300 event-related potentials, demonstrated that these determinants lead to significantly prolonged latencies, signaling impaired information processing and vigilance^2. Poor sleep was also identified as a mediator for severe outcomes, including suicidal behavior^3 and dry eye disease^4.

CONCLUSIONS:
Sleep disturbances among Indian medical students represent a significant public health concern that compromises both student well-being and future healthcare quality. Addressing this requires an educational shift: integrating sleep hygiene into the medical curriculum, implementing digital detox protocols, and providing robust institutional mental health support. These reforms are essential to ensure the long-term health and professional competence of the future physician workforce.