INTRODUCTION:
according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC)^1, the increasing trend of climate change presents a growing concern for mental health and psychosocial well-being. Leading to emotional distress, anxiety, depression, grief, and potentially suicidal behavior. Using a one health lens, which acknowledges the interconnectedness of human health, environmental integrity, and animal well-being, this study explores the impacts of climate change on mental well-being among indigenous populations.

METHODS:
a sequential exploratory mixed-method design was used in madi municipality of chitwan district and madhyabindu municipality of nawalparasi district. The qualitative phase involved in-depth interviews with 23 tharu community members to explore experiences of climate change-related stress and coping mechanisms. Findings informed a quantitative survey of 510 participants to assess climate change anxiety. Data were collected using kobo toolbox and analyzed in STATA 13 MP and EZR. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses assessed associations between climate change vulnerability factors and mental well-being, controlling for potential confounders. Ethical clearance was obtained from nepal health research council.

RESULTS:
qualitative findings were organized into a one health framework showing how environmental, animal, and human health disruptions collectively influence mental well-being. Quantitative results indicated that 71.2% of participants scored above the cut-off of 21 on the climate change anxiety scale. Multivariate analysis showed higher odds of anxiety among individuals using chemical fertilizers (AOR 7.34, 95% CI 2.38-22.60), perceiving worsening animal treatment (AOR 2.72, 95% CI 1.27-5.83), and receiving early warning information (AOR 2.59, 95% CI 1.44-4.67). Traditional farming practices (AOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.08-0.30) and low climate change perceptual awareness (AOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.13-0.44) were protective.