RESEARCH PAPER
Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, profile, achievement and complications in primary health care in Surabaya, Indonesia
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1
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
2
Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver
College of Medicine, Iowa City, United States
Submission date: 2022-07-17
Final revision date: 2023-11-02
Acceptance date: 2024-07-30
Publication date: 2024-08-30
Corresponding author
Linda Dewanti
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, PQJM+528 Mulyorejo,
Surabaya, Indonesia
Popul. Med. 2024;6(August):25
RELATED ARTICLE
This article has been corrected:
Erratum: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, profile,
achievement and complications in primary health care
in Surabaya, Indonesia
Volume 7, Issue February, Page 1
DOI: 10.18332/popmed/200174
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction:
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) continues to increase worldwide. Indonesia is
no exception. The diagnoses of prediabetes and diabetes
are increasing and seen in ever younger patients. Primary
Health Care (PHC) plays a pivotal role in managing this
disease in the community. This study aimed to determine
the achievement therapy of T2DM patients in a PHC center
in Surabaya, the second most populous city in Indonesia.
Methods:
The design of this study was cross-sectional.
T2DM patients who made regular visits to a PHC center in
2018 were included in this study after providing informed
consent. Respondent characteristics (age, education level,
family history of T2DM, physical activity, nutrient intake), as
well as BMI, blood pressure, and laboratory data, including
fasting plasma glucose (FPG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c),
serum creatinine, and albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR),
were collected. Simple correlation and multiple regression
analyses were performed by SPSS 17.0.0
Results:
The mean age of the patients was 60.9 ± 10.0 years,
and participants had been diagnosed with T2DM for a mean
of 6.9 ± 8.3 years. The therapeutic goal (FPG ≤130 mg/dL and
HbA1c <7%) was achieved in 30.9% and 23.8% of patients,
respectively. Early microvascular abnormality screening
(ACR) showed that 70.9% of the patients had increased ACR,
while serum creatinine level was found to be high in 22.8% of
the patients. FPG correlated to HbA1c, serum creatinine and
ACR (r=0.64, p<0.001; r=0.39, p=0.001; and r=0.25, p=0.03,
respectively).
Conclusions:
The majority of T2DM patients in our sample
did not achieve their therapeutic goals in terms of FPG and
HbA1c. Those who did not achieve FPG goals were less likely
to meet ACR goals and were less likely to have normal serum
creatinine, most probably reflecting a pattern of poor longterm
follow-up.
ABBREVIATIONS
ACR: albumin creatinine ratio, BMI: body mass index, BP:
blood pressure, CKD: chronic kidney disease, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c:
hemoglobin A1c, NCDs: non-communicable diseases, PHC: Primary Health Care,
T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus, WHO: World Health Organization
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors have each completed and submitted an ICMJE form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. The authors declare that they have no competing interests, financial or otherwise, related to the current work. The authors report that they received funding from Universitas Airlangga (a State University in Indonesia) to conduct this study.
FUNDING
This research was funded by the Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.
ETHICAL APPROVAL AND INFORMED CONSENT
Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of
Universitas Airlangga (Approval number: No. 166/EC/KEPK/FKUA/2018;
Date: 29 June 2018). Participants provided informed consent.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data supporting this research cannot be made available for privacy
or other reasons.
PROVENANCE AND PEER REVIEW
Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.